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Identify Types of Sources: Personal Communications

Information is recorded in many formats serving multiple purposes.

Personal Communications

“Works that cannot be recovered by readers are cited in the text as personal communications. Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, nonarchived social media livestreams (e.g., Instagram Live, Twitter Spaces), unrecorded webinars, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from nonarchived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on."
 

Citing personal communications in the text

"Because there is no recoverable source [from a personal communication], a reference list entry is not used.”

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/personal-communications


Be sure to check with your professor to see if personal communications are permissible for your paper.

two men speaking together on a couch

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