Beneath the slideshow below are captions that are accessible for screen readers.
We are deeply indebted to the following individuals and organizations for their work in documenting and publishing Waco’s fascinating and vital Hispanic history:
The land of Central Texas was part of the Spanish Empire between 1519 and 1821 (except for a brief period of control by France from 1685-1690). This period of Texas history is referred to as Spanish Texas.
The first European language spoken in Texas was Spanish. In addition, Texas is greatly influenced by Spanish jurisprudence and colonial practices related to land ownership, water rights, and family relations.
Joseph, H. D., & Chipman, D. E. (2023). Spanish Texas. The Handbook of Texas Online. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/spanish-texas
The river that runs through Waco and McLennan County starts in New Mexico and ends at the Gulf of Mexico. Brazos is Spanish for “arms” and the full name for this famous river is “Los Brazos de Dios” or “the arms of God.” Legends associated with this river and its name include de Coronado and his team of Spanish conquistadors getting lost and thirsty while searching for a golden city. Indians in West Texas guided them to a stream, inducing them to give the river its divine title. In another legend, Spanish sailors were affected by a storm in the Gulf of Mexico and followed a muddy stream to the mouth of the Brazos in search of fresh water. Finally, during a drought, gold miners are thought to have been led by Indians to the site of the Brazos River Authority, burying their gold just before reaching Waco.
How did the Brazos River get its name? (2024). Brazos River Authority. https://brazos.org/About-Us/News/News-Room/Resource-Library/How-Did-the-Brazos-River-Get-Its-Name
In 1821, the land comprising Texas entered the Mexican Texas era following the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, which had started in 1810. The Texas Revolution started in October 1835 and ended in April 1836, with Texas gaining independence with the creation of the Republic of Texas. During Mexican rule of Texas, Catholicism was not enforced as the state religion in this area due to a shortage of priests. The Mexican Texas era featured social divisions carried over from Spanish control.
de la Teja, J. F. (2023). Texas in the age of Mexican independence. The Handbook of Texas Online. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/texas-in-the-age-of-mexican-independence
Jacob de Cordova was a Jewish Spaniard born in Jamaica. Although he is not as well known as other early Texans, de Cordova “explored more territory than Cabeza de Vaca and brought more settlers to Texas than Stephen F. Austin” (Burke, n.d.). In 1848, Jonas Butler hired Jacob de Cordova to lay out a town along the Brazos River on land that Butler owned. After planning the city, de Cordova contracted George Erath to survey plots for settlement, which the two then sold for $5 inside the town and $3 outside it. de Cordova and Erath also fought to make Waco the seat of McLennan County when the latter was formed in 1850. Interestingly, despite planning the city, Jacob de Cordova never lived in Waco! He resided with his family on an estate further north along the Brazos at Kimball’s Bend. He named the estate “Wanderer’s Retreat” and lived there until his death in 1868. Jacob de Cordova said of Waco, “She will be my daughter, and a beautiful daughter she will be.”
Burke, A. (n.d). Jacob de Cordova. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/195
In the early 1900s, racial segregation extended to cemeteries. Mexican Americans could not be buried in the same cemeteries as white people. In 1914, after several Hispanic children died in an epidemic, Freemason Eustolio M. Cruz asked local farmer Will P. Driskell if Mexican Americans could be buried on a portion of his land. In 1920, Driskell deeded 2.1 acres to what is now the Santa Cruz Cemetery Association. Many of the people interred at Santa Cruz Cemetery were well-educated and formerly wealthy Mexican citizens who fled the violence of the Mexican Revolution and settled in Waco. One Waco citizen recalls transporting the remains of his sixteen-year-old sister to the cemetery in 1934 in a homemade wagon, as the family could not afford an ambulance. The cemetery accepted all races, and as of 2005, people could still be buried there with permission of the cemetery association.
QuarellaDeVil. (n.d.). Santa Cruz Cemetery. Waymarking.com. https://waymarking.com/waymarks/wm184BY_Santa_Cruz_Cemetery
WCCC-10. (2005). Santa Cruz Cemetery. https://vimeo.com/50321136
In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson approved $640 million to expand the Army’s air division, in part because the United States had performed poorly in the skies in the recent war with Mexico. Waco quickly became a hub of military activity with the establishment of Camp MacArthur and Rich Field Army Air Base, at what is now the Extraco Events Center. The establishment of these camps provided 3,500 jobs, 1,000 of which jwere filled by laborers brought in from Mexico. These laborers cleared trees, made roads, built barracks and hangars, and planted grass.
Burke, A. (n.d.). Rich Field Army Air Base. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/187
The Calle Dos neighborhood formed in the early 20th century as a haven for Mexican immigrants fleeing violence; it quickly became a hub for the city's Hispanic population. The neighborhood developed after the closure of the Reservation district in 1917, with immigrants moving into vacant houses. Though its boundaries were disputed, Calle Dos grew into a tight-knit community along the Brazos River. The area featured businesses, churches, and organizations, including the Mexican Baptist Mission and the Sociedad Mutualista Mexicana de Jornaleros. Despite poor living conditions, residents fondly remember a vibrant life centered around festivals, dances, and gatherings at La Pila, a spring-fed fountain. Waco's urban renewal program in 1958 destroyed the neighborhood. Clearing areas along the Brazos River, the project demolished homes, dispersed residents, and buried La Pila. Today, few remnants remain, but efforts to preserve its legacy continue. For fifty years, the neighborhood provided community for Waco's Mexican American population, leaving an indelible mark on the city's history.
Sawyer, A. (n.d.). Calle Dos. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/118
In 1920, Antonio P. Castillo Sr. purchased the Old Texas Café in Waco. Recognizing the demand for Mexican food, he opened the Aztec Café in 1926, introducing authentic Tex-Mex cuisine to the area. The business became a family venture, with Castillo's seven children learning the trade, including how to make traditional pralines. In 1948, the family opened El Patio, which later became The Italian Village after incorporating Italian dishes learned from a WWII airman. In 1964, Sam Castillo Sr. opened La Fiesta Mexican Restaurant & Cantina, which remains in operation today. Today, La Fiesta continues the family's four-generation legacy, committed to serving quality Tex-Mex cuisine using fresh ingredients and original family recipes, while maintaining a lively atmosphere that honors Antonio Castillo's original vision.
La Fiesta Mexican Restaurant & Cantina & Sawyer, A. (n.d.). La Fiesta Mexican Restaurant & Cantina. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/126
Mutualistas were mutual aid societies established by Mexican immigrants during the late 19th century. They provided support and cultural connection for newcomers, and there were over 100 in Texas by the early 20th century. While most have closed, a few remain active, including Waco's mutualista, founded in 1924. Initially located in the Calle Dos neighborhood, Waco’s mutualista worked closely with St. Francis on the Brazos Church and was unique in allowing both men and women to participate equally. The organization provided essential services like healthcare, education, and financial assistance for illnesses and funerals. It also served as a cultural center, hosting community events and celebrations. Despite challenges like the Great Depression and urban renewal projects, the Waco mutualista has survived for nearly a century. It continues to support the community through scholarships, toy drives, and other service activities, maintaining its commitment to both the Hispanic community and Waco at large.
Yeaman, A. (n.d.). Mutualista Hall. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/185
The founding of St. Francis on the Brazos marked the return of Franciscan missionaries to the area, settling to serve the Mexican American community. The wood structure burned in 1928 and a new church was commissioned and funded by the Galveston diocese, opening its doors in 1931.
The church was designed by Roy E. Lane, known for designing the Hippodrome and the ALICO building. The church is furnished with the work of a Spanish painter named Pedro Juan Barcelo. Mr. Lane publicly gave credit to diocesan fathers Fr. Puigserver and Tous for their help in accomplishing the building project. The church just celebrated its 100th anniversary and still stands today at Jefferson Ave and N. 4th Street.
Sawyer, A. (n.d.). St. Francis on the Brazos. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/16
Eugenio Hernandez and his family fled the Mexican Revolution in 1918 and settled in Waco. In the 1920s, they, together with the Sustaita and Macias families, founded the Mexican Methodist Mission. The mission held services in a rented metal shop at 11th Street and Webster Avenue. A growing Waco Hispanic population and mission led Austin Avenue Methodist Church to provide substantial financial assistance to establish a new church, the Latin American Methodist Church, built in 1946 at 1320 Webster Avenue.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Latin American United Methodist Church. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
Hernandez, S. (2022). Church women, farm labor, and the first Latin American kindergarten in Waco. Waco Heritage & History, Fall/Winter 2022, 18-20.
Cayetana Navarro was born in Mexico but lived most of her life in Waco. A single mother raising nine children, she opened a tortilla and tamale shop out of her home. Her children interpreted for her so she could communicate with customers, and her sons would deliver her products on bicycles. She eventually opened a brick-and-mortar store at 401 N. 3rd in the 1930s. People who attended St. Francis on the Brazos Catholic Church stopped there on their way home. Navarro provided tortillas to James Connally Air Force Base during WWII. Due to the urban renewal of late 1950s and early 1960s, Navarro’s Tortilla and Tamale Shop moved to N. 25th St. and then to 2420 Grim in 1970. Cayetana ran the shop for over 60 years, retiring in 1995. In 1985, she was named the Businesswoman of the Year by the Cen-Tex Hispanic Chamber of Commerce.
Sutcliffe, S. (2021, March 29). Celebrating some of Waco’s women of the past. Local History Stories. https://libguides.wacolibrary.org/localhistory/stories/Celebrating-some-of-Wacos-women-of-the-past
Vazquez, J. (1997, May 3). Hands of Doña Navarro. Waco Tribune-Herald, 6.
Luis Diaz Cabrera was the first Wacoan to die in World War II. Cabrera was born in Guadalajara, Mexico, on September 20, 1919. His family later moved to Waco. He had to drop out of South Junior High School for two years because he became ill with tuberculosis; because he was not a U.S. citizen, he was denied treatment at a sanitarium. Cabrera’s mother cared for him for two years, and he eventually returned to school. Cabrera enlisted in the U.S. Army on February 4, 1941 and served with the 60th Coast Artillery in the Philippines. He was killed in action against the Japanese on January 10, 1942. On January 10, 1971, the Cabrera Community Center was dedicated at 2225 Speight Avenue.
Sutcliffe, S. (2020, November 13). Have you heard of these two Waco veterans? Local History Stories. https://libguides.wacolibrary.org/localhistory/stories/Have-you-heard-of-these-two-Waco-veterans
Lucille Moreno Flores was a native Wacoan born in 1923. She graduated from Waco High School in 1941 and enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1944. Serving with the Women’s Army Corp in the 555th Army Air Force Base Unit, she was awarded several medals, including the WWII Victory Medal, the American Campaign Medal, and the Good Conduct Medal. After the war’s end, Lucille worked as a nurse at Hillcrest Hospital and the Waco Veteran’s Hospital. She passed in 2009 at the age of 85.
Sutcliffe, S. (2021, March 29). Celebrating some of Waco’s women of the past. Local History Stories. https://libguides.wacolibrary.org/localhistory/stories/Celebrating-some-of-Wacos-women-of-the-past
Louis Gonzales, Sr. was a native Wacoan born in 1919. In 1945, he founded the Riverside Boys Club near St. Francis on the Brazos Catholic Church. In 1947, the Riverside Club became part of the Waco Boys Club System. Gonzales, Sr. worked for the Waco Boys Club for 36 years. He earned five of the prestigious Keystone Awards given by the Boys & Girls Clubs of America. The former main branch of the Waco Boys Club was named after Louis Gonzales, Sr. in 1982.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Louis Gonzales, Sr. Honoring Our Hispanic History & Legacy.
The first Fiesta de la Raza celebrated in Waco was held by St. Francis on the Brazos in October 1946. This festival, which has continued each year, celebrated its 76th anniversary in 2022. The Waco Tribune Herald reported in 1996 a brief history of the Fiesta, stating that Fr. Anthony Frontera, from Spain, wanted to improve the morale of his community and educate parishioners on their Hispanic heritage. Grandchildren now know that their grandparents celebrated this same festival that is passed down through generations. Organizers indicate that this is one of the only festivals in the area that celebrates all of Hispanic culture, not just focusing on Mexico. In English, “fiesta de la raza” can be translated as “festival of the people” or “festival of the race.” The fiesta in Waco offers a High Mass, carnival booths, dancing troupes, guest speakers, presentation of country flags, the coronation of a fiesta queen, mariachi bands, and children's activities.
Bulmahn, L. (1996, October 13). An accent on culture. Waco Tribune-Herald, 1A.
In 1946, Sacred Heart Catholic Church was first established as a mission congregation of St. Francis on the Brazos. The church building was first constructed in 1957, serving until a new sanctuary was constructed in 1992. Father Lawrence Soler served as a priest at Sacred Heart for over 40 years, serving a congregation grew from 50 families to over 1,000. He led the fundraising efforts for the new building built in 1992. The church’s activity center, built in 2003, was named after him. Soler passed away in his native Spain in 2019.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Sacred Heart Catholic Church. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Lawrence Soler. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
In 1913, eighteen women’s groups from different churches comprising various denominations came together and formed a Waco branch of Church Women United, a national organization. Like the national organization, the branch in Waco was focused on social and human rights issues, including the wellbeing of migrant farm laborers. In 1944, the group was the first in Waco to desegregate. In October of 1953, the group established the first kindergarten for Hispanic children, including those of migrant farm laborers. The program grew quickly, with 15 children the first year and 50 the the second. Classes took place at the Latin American Christian Center at Latin American United Methodist Church, the latter of which was constructed in 1946. Spanish-speaking children who attended the kindergarten were at the same level as their peers when they enrolled in first grade in Waco public schools. In 1957, classes moved to a larger donated home, and the program closed in the 1960s as the need for migrant labor dwindled.
Hernandez, S. (2022). Church women, farm labor, and the first Latin American kindergarten in Waco. Waco Heritage & History, Fall/Winter 2022, 18-20.
Sandtown was a vibrant Mexican American neighborhood from the early 1900s to the 1960s. Located between Third Street and the Brazos River, it was home to about fifty working-class families. For many immigrants from Mexico, Sandtown was their first American home. The neighborhood featured a mix of businesses, schools, and gathering places, including grocery stores, auto garages, barbershops, and the popular Blue Moon nightspot. Its proximity to the river’s sandy banks gave the area its name. In 1958, Waco participated in the federal urban renewal program, which targeted Sandtown for redevelopment. Most residents were tenants and had no say in the decision. The program, aimed at eliminating "slums," displaced Sandtown's families. Despite its lack of official recognition, Sandtown held great significance for its residents. It represented a place of growth, hardship, and cherished memories. As former resident Robert Gamboa noted, the urban renewal was more like "urban removal," deeply impacting Hispanic families. Sandtown's legacy lives on in the hearts of those who once called it home.
Woodward, M. (n.d.). Sandtown neighborhood. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/71
In the aftermath of the 1953 Waco tornado and subsequent economic challenges, Tito’s Downtown Barbershop emerged as a beacon of resilience, thanks to its owner, Santos “Tito” Martinez. Beginning his barbering career in 1957, Tito was encouraged by a friend to attend Waco Barber College. Shortly after starting his trade, he was drafted into the U.S. Army, serving as a medic in Korea while continuing to hone his skills. After returning to civilian life in 1961, Tito opened his barbershop on Austin Avenue, later relocating to the National Lloyds Building, where he became a cherished community figure. His shop is adorned with photographs that celebrate the relationships he has built over the years, including notable friends like a U.S. Ambassador. For Tito, barbering is more than just a job; it’s about fostering connections and providing a welcoming space for conversation. His dedication to customer service has allowed his shop to thrive, and he plans to continue his work, embodying the spirit of resilience and community in Waco.
Woodward, M. (n.d.). Tito’s Downtown Barbershop. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/42
Established in the early 20th century, Waco's "White City” neighborhood thrived until Interstate 35's construction destroyed it in the 1960s. Contrary to speculation about racial connotations, the area was diverse, housing Black, Hispanic, and Anglo families. Theories about the name's origin include the neat rows of white houses, trees painted white for pest control, and a possible connection to the original developer, Mr. White. The area was divided into Hispanic and Black sections, with segregated schools requiring long walks for children. Despite challenges, former residents fondly remember the tight-knit community and neighborly spirit of White City.
Ryan, T. J. (2006, March 24). Why was old Waco neighborhood called “White City?” Waco Tribune-Herald.
Born in San Marcos, Texas, in 1932, Leonardo Montelongo was a longtime resident of Waco. He served in the U.S. Army from 1953-1955. After leaving the Army, Montelongo worked for the United States Postal Service for 27 years. He was a founding member of Waco Missions and played semi-pro baseball for the Waco Missions Recreation Club from 1942-1963. In addition, he was very involved in Sacred Heart Catholic Church. In 1967, Leonardo founded the “Mi Favorito” Tejano music radio program, given in the Spanish language. The program ran for 32 years in Central Texas.
Leonardo A. Montelongo Sr. (2019). Dignity Memorial. https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/waco-tx/leonardo-montelongo-8880222
Rosalio Herrera Amaro was born in Waco on January 17, 1941, to Wenceslado and Concepción Amaro. In 1970, Rosalio joined the Waco Fire Department, becoming the first Hispanic member of the team. He retired from the Waco Fire Department as an Engineer after 30 years of service.
Rosalio Herrera Amaro Obituary. (2016). Wilkerson-Hatch-Bailey Funerals & Cremations. https://www.whbfamily.com/obituaries/Rosalio-Herrera-Amaro?obId=865547
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Rosalio Amaro. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
During the early 1970s, the Abraxas Club brought Austin's vibrant music scene to McLennan County. Founded by Roy Delgado, Steve Espinoza, Jesse “Jay” Ortiz, Arthur Ramos, and Pete Saiz, the club aimed to showcase blues, rock, and Tejano performers from Austin. Named after Carlos Santana's 1970 album, Abraxas attracted talented artists with help from Austin-based connections. The club featured a diverse lineup, including notable performers like the Allman Brothers Band, Stevie Ray Vaughan, and Ruben Ramos. It quickly became known for its Tejano flavor. Beyond music, Abraxas played a significant role in the growing Chicano movement, offering space for activist groups and discussions on Mexican-American experiences. Despite its cultural impact, the club faced challenges due to its association with drug use, frequent police raids, and financial difficulties. After a four-year run, Abraxas closed in 1974 following a drug raid. Its legacy remains a valuable part of Waco's cultural history, reflecting the social and political climate of 1970s Texas.
Ray, S. (n.d.). Abraxas Club. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/172
Although the Brown v. Board of Education decision occurred in 1954, Waco ISD was still segregated in December 1970. In early 1971, the district began busing students to meet new federal standards. The new busing patterns meant that White students stayed at their local schools while many Black and Hispanic students were forced to leave before daylight and did not return home until late afternoon. In addition, Hispanic students lost access to the few bilingual resources that existed at the time. Local parents like Pete Arvizu began filing lawsuits against WISD in late 1971; in 1972, these cases were combined with those of African-American parents. In 1973, US District Judge Jack Roberts ruled that segregation still existed in WISD. He ordered that Hispanic students “be provided with a special curriculum and bilingual educational programs” (Ray, n.d.). After the ruling, WISD enrollment decreased by more than 10% as White families left Waco for districts like Midway ISD or enrolled their children in private schools.
Ray, S. (n.d.). Arvizu v. Waco Independent School District. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/191
Ramiro "Ramsey" Muñiz made history in 1972 as the first Hispanic candidate to run for Texas governor. Born in Corpus Christi, Muñiz overcame poverty to excel academically and athletically, earning a law degree from Baylor University. He stayed in Waco and his political career began when he joined La Raza Unida Party (RUP) to advocate for Mexican American interests. Muñiz ran for governor in 1972 and 1974 under the RUP banner, focusing on bilingual education, workers' rights, and increasing Mexican American political power. Although unsuccessful, his campaigns significantly impacted Texas politics, forcing the Democratic Party to address Hispanic concerns. However, Muñiz's legacy is complicated by multiple drug-related arrests and convictions, which led to his imprisonment and the decline of the RUP. Despite controversy, many viewed him as a political prisoner, and a "Free Ramsey" movement eventually secured his compassionate release in 2018. Muñiz's story remains a complex chapter in the struggle for Mexican American civil rights and political representation.
Ray, S., & Wenger, R. (n.d.). Ramsey Muñiz. Waco History. https://wacohistory.org/items/show/178
In 1972, Alma Canales became the first Latina to run for Lieutenant Governor of Texas under the Raza Unida Party (RUP). As a child, she traveled with her parents as migrant farm workers, picking crops from Texas to Wisconsin. Eventually, Alma organized the children of other farm workers and engaged them in various learning activities. Through these interactions, she learned the families’ stories, which expanded her worldview. Her interest in the stories of others grew into a love of journalism. As a high school student, she began writing for her local paper and continued after she graduated. Through her journalism, Alma became connected to the Chicano Movement. She used her skills to communicate campaign messages and convey the needs of diverse people. As the RUP put together candidates to run for office, Alma was selected for Lieutenant Governor. She continued her activism through community organizing and working for organizations that advocated for Latinos, children, and women. Her commitment to civic engagement continues today, as she still serves as a local election judge.
Diaz-Espinoza, M. (2024, August 17). Alma Canales. Personal communication.
Gilbert Sanchez Sr. took over the Waco Boxing Club in 1972 after the previous coach left. According to his son, when Gilbert Sr. took over the club, he had never boxed before in his life! Sanchez Sr. trained many community children and future champions, including brothers Michael and Jaime Lerma. Jaime won the World Boxing Welterweight title in 1996. Sanchez Sr.’s son, Gilbert Jr., fought in more than 350 amateur fights and competed at the 1984 t Olympic Trials. Jaime Lerma now runs the Waco Boxing Club, the longest-running boxing club in Texas. Gilbert Sanchez Jr. runs Waco Boxing Academy.
KWTX. (2023, September 26). Hispanic Heritage Month: Gilbert Sanchez Junior and Senior. https://www.kwtx.com/video/2023/09/26/hispanic-heritage-month-gilbert-sanchez-junior-senior/
The Cen-Tex Hispanic Chamber of Commerce was established 1975 as a nonpartisan business membership organization to help advance the economic participation of Hispanic business owners, to benefit the entire Central Texas community. The chamber is led by a President & CEO, currently Andrea Kosar, and Dytrun Thirkill, over Finance & Operations. A diverse 14-seat board also heads the chamber. The Chamber hosts a monthly luncheon, annual banquet, and other events to provide entrepreneur networking opportunities. In addition, they cohost job fairs with Workforce Solutions and Workforce Management Partners Group.
Solano, A. (2018, July 2). Five things everyone should know about the Cen-Tex Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. Act Locally Waco. https://actlocallywaco.org/2018/07/02/five-things-everyone-in-waco-should-know-about-the-cen-tex-hispanic-chamber-of-commerce/
Ernesto Fraga is a lifelong community activist. He was President of the Junior LULAC organization in high school; he also started the first Brown Berets chapters in Austin and Waco. In 1977, he and Manuel Sustaita began the bilingual newspaper El Tiempo, with Fraga taking over as publisher in 1982. The newspaper published 10,00 issues weekly, free of charge. Health conditions forced Fraga to cease publication in 2018.
Lopez, K. (2023, October 15). National Hispanic Heritage Month - Ernesto Fraga. KWTX. https://www.kwtx.com/2023/10/16/national-hispanic-heritage-month-ernesto-fraga/
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Ernesto Fraga. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
Nieves Joe Rodriguez was a native Wacoan, born August 5, 1921. He served in Germany and Czechoslovakia with the Army in World War II. In 1951, he began his career with the Waco Police Department and was promoted to Sergeant in the Detective Division in 1958. Nieves kept ascending the ranks, and in 1979 was promoted to Assistant Police Chief, becoming the first Hispanic officer to serve in that role. He serve as Assistant Police Chief until his retirement in 1990. In addition, Rodriguez graduated from the FBI National Academy in 1968.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Nieves Joe Rodriguez. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
Nieves J. Rodriguez Obituary. (2005). Wilkirson-Hatch-Bailey Funerals & Cremations. https://www.whbfamily.com/obituaries/Nieves-J-Rodriguez?obId=659984
Gonzalo Martinez immigrated from Mexico in 1955, at the age of 15. He began teaching himself every instrument played by mariachis, eventually settling on the guitarrón as his primary instrument. In 1981, he founded the band Mariachi Azteca, which is still going strong today. They have played at hundreds of celebrations, including weddings, funerals, quinceañeras, birthday parties, and more.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Gonzalo Martinez. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
Roland (Rolando) S. Arriola was born in 1948 and raised in Edinburg, Texas. He graduated from Edinburg High School in 1966, where he was a member of the National Honor Society and Junior Historians. He earned his bachelor's degree in journalism from Baylor University, was active in the Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) in Waco, and wrote for the Waco Tribune-Herald. In 1977, he won a seat on the Waco City Council, which he held until his election as mayor in 1982. He was the first Hispanic mayor of Waco. He also ran for the Texas Senate in 1980. He developed his own Spanish-language marketing company during Mark White’s gubernatorial campaign and worked for the Texas Department of Community Affairs under Governor White from 1983 to 1985. Thereafter, he completed his Master of Public Administration from Harvard University while he worked for the Massachusetts Department of Commerce under Governor Michael Dukakis. He earned a Master of Public Policy and Administration from Baylor University and a Doctorate in Higher Education Management from the University of Pennsylvania. After returning to Texas from Harvard, he became director for the Center for Entrepreneurship and Economic Development (CEED) in South Texas. He received awards from Presidents Reagan and Obama and from the Republic of Mexico.
The University of Texas at Arlington Center for Mexican American Studies. (2011). Rolando Arriola. Tejano Voices. https://library.uta.edu/tejanovoices/interview.php?cmasno=172
A native Wacoan, Pauline Chavez earned her associates degree in nursing from McLennan Community College, and she worked at the Waco Veterans Hospital for 34 years. Pauline ran for Waco ISD school board in 1984 but lost to the incumbent candidate. She was elected to the MCC Board of Trustees in 1986, the first Hispanic person to serve on the board. She served as the District 3 Representative on the board for 37 years until her retirement in May 2023.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Pauline Chavez. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
Joe M. Rodriguez was a lifelong community supporter. He was elected to the Bellmead City Council for a term starting in April 1987. In May of 1989, he was selected as Mayor Pro Tempore after the former mayor resigned the previous October. He was re-elected as full Mayor in May of 1990, a position he held until April 1992. Rodriguez was the first Hispanic mayor of Bellmead. Rodriguez also served as President of the Cen-Tex Hispanic Chamber of Commerce for 20 years. Before joining the Chamber, he served as Union Representative of Local #312 at General Tire and Rubber Company. Finally, he also served the community on the City of Waco Zoning Board, the City Planning Commission, and the Heart of Texas Council of Government.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Joe M. Rodriguez. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
City council. (n.d.). City of Bellmead. https://bellmeadtx.gov/222/City-Council
Obituary for Joe M. Rodriguez. (2018). Oak Crest Funeral Home. https://memorials.oakcrestwaco.com/Rodriguez-Joe/3451407/obituary.php
A native Wacoan, Joe Carbajal was born November 14, 1956. He attended Waco Public Schools and earned an associates degree certifications in mental health and real estate from McLennan Community College. After managing grocery and convenience stores, Joe helped establish Mighty Wind Worship Center. He served as Pastor Joe at Mighty Wind for 30 years. Joe also supported the City of Waco and Waco Independent School District.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Joe Carbajal. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
Pastor Joe A. Carbajal. (2022). Legacy.com. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/wacotrib/name/joe-carbajal-obituary?id=32222641
Fernando Villareal moved to Waco as a teenager, in 1973. He graduated from University High School, McLennan Community College, and Baylor University. He went on to earn a law degree at the University of Houston and later returned to Waco. In 1992, he ran for Justice of the Peace in Precinct 5 and won. He was the first Hispanic judge in McLennan County, and he was re-elected continuously for the next 30 years. Villareal retired as a judge in 2022, but is still active in a private law practice. In 2023, the Precinct 5 building was renamed the Fernando Villareal Justice Center.
Witherspoon, T. (2023, October 23). McLennan County honors former Justice of the Peace Fernando Villarreal with building named after him. KWTX. https://www.kwtx.com/2023/10/04/mclennan-county-honors-former-justice-peace-fernando-villarreal-with-building-named-him/
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Fernando Villarreal. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
In January 1996, Jaime Lerma, representing Mexico, defeated William Magahin of the Philippines in 10 rounds to win the World Boxing Federation’s World Welterweight Title. The match took place in Manila, Philippines. Lerma had previously won a silver medal in the Junior Olympics and joined Team USA in 1988 at just 17 years old. Lerma was introduced to boxing by his father at the age of six. Reflecting on his career in 2023, he said, “My dad grew up poor like most Mexicans growing up. He had several brothers and sisters and never could play any sports. He had three sons and said they are going to play every sport there is.” Lerma’s father passed away two years later. “With the loss of my dad at eight years old the boxing gym was my escape from the depression of home life from the loss of my father,” Lerma said. Like his father, Lerma found his love for boxing and the passion fueled him to success.
Baker, J. (2023, October 13). Former world boxing champ teaching kids skills & guidance. KXXV. https://www.kxxv.com/hometown/bell-county/former-world-boxing-champ-teaching-kids-skills-guidance
Alberto Melis was born in Cuba and spent many years in law enforcement in Florida. In 2000, he was hired as Waco’s Chief of Police, the first Hispanic officer to serve in the role. He resigned in October 2007 to pursue other opportunities. During his time as Chief, he frequently worked with President George W. Bush’s security team when the President would visit his ranch in Crawford. In 2016, Melis became a Deacon at St. Alban’s Episcopal Church in Waco.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Alberto Melis. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
Elizabeth Palacios, Ph.D., a native of San Antonio, earned both her bachelor’s and master’s degrees at Baylor University. After earning her doctorate at UT-Austin, Palacios began teaching in Baylor’s School of Education in 2002. She was the first Latina woman member of the Baylor faculty. She was also the first in many other positions at Baylor, including those related to diversity, inclusion, and multiculturalism. Dr. Palacios retired from Baylor in 2022, but continues to serve as a Board Member on the McLennan Community College Board of Trustees.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Elizabeth Palacios, PhD. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
Felipe Reyna completed both his bachelor’s and law degrees at Baylor University. To pay for law school, he worked as a janitor in the McLennan County Courthouse. In 1977, he was appointed the McLennan County Criminal District Attorney, the first Hispanic person appointed to the office. In 2003, he was appointed to the Texas 10th District Court of Appeals - presiding over the same courthouse where he once worked as a janitor! Reyna was elected to the court in 2004 and served until his retirement in 2011.
Waco-McLennan County Library. (2023). Felipe Reyna. Honoring Our Hispanic Heritage & Legacy.
In March 2003, Michael Lerma showcased his boxing skills by defeating Alfred Ankamah to win the World Boxing Council Continental Americas Super Welterweight title. Despite enduring some powerful punches, Lerma dominated the fight, winning by unanimous decision with scores of 117-110, 119-108, and 119-108. With this victory, Lerma (28-7-1, 19 KOs) anticipated entering the WBC top 10 rankings. In 2022, Michael and his brother Jaime were inducted into the Texas Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class.
Barnes, J. (2003, March 26). Lerma takes aim at ‘bigger doors’ after title victory. Waco Tribune-Herald.
Manuel “Manny” Sustaita was a native Wacoan and community supporter. He enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1962 and was first deployed to Guantanamo Bay during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He later served in South Vietnam, where he earned several medals. After his return to civilian life, Sustaita helped found the Organization of Hispanic Veterans, the bilingual newspaper El Tiempo, and the Cen-Tex Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. He helped keep the Waco Veterans Affairs Medical Center from closing. Sustaita’s greatest accomplishment was organizing the community to fund and build the Waco Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which opened in 2004.
In memoriam of a life of leadership and service: Manuel “Manny” Sustaita. (2020). https://manuelsustaita.com/
After years of planning, and largely due to the leadership of councilwoman Alice Rodriguez, the Waco Hispanic Museum opened to the public in September 2016. The goal of the museum is to preserve artifacts and memories of Hispanic culture in Waco and Central Texas, focusing on the Calle Dos and Sandtown communities. The opening fell on the Sept. 16 anniversary of Mexican independence from Spain and featured a “grito” (shout of liberation) led by museum chairman Louis Garcia. The museum is located in the South Waco Recreation Center on the 2800th block of Speight Ave.
Waco Hispanic Museum. (n.d.) Destination Waco, City of Waco Convention Center. https://destinationwaco.org/places/waco-hispanic-museum/
Volunteers under the direction of Texas Historical Commission archaeologist Katherine Turner-Pearson excavated the remains of the spring-fed La Pila fountain, a popular gathering place in the Calle Dos neighborhood that was destroyed during the 1958 urban renewal project. The fountain is located at the corner of University Parks Drive and Jefferson Avenue. Alice Rodriguez, Luis Gaytan-Garcia, and Annaliese Sonntag all volunteered for the excavation. Gaytan-Garcia spearheaded the project and hopes to restore the fountain to working order and commemorate its importance with a historical marker.
Unearthing "La Pila", a remnant of a bygone Hispanic neighborhood. (2016, November 11). KWBU. https://www.kwbu.org/texas-news/2016-11-11/unearthing-la-pila-a-remnant-of-a-bygone-hispanic-neighborhood
Founded in 2018, The Hispanic Leaders’ Network is a group of passionate leaders who are deeply vested in supporting current and future leaders in the Greater Waco Community. Their mission is to provide personal, cultural, and professional opportunities to inspire Hispanic leaders to serve and make a positive impact. According to HLN member Eric Linares, “HLN does an amazing job of bringing together the Hispanic community [ . . . ] and creating a space where we can connect and share.”
About. (n.d.) Hispanic Leaders’ Network. https://hln-waco.org/?page_id=105
Goodley, Z. (2024, September 13). Hispanic Heritage Month kicks off at Art Center Waco. FOX44. https://www.fox44news.com/news/local-news/mclennan-county/hispanic-heritage-month-kicks-off-at-art-center-waco/
The Waco Mutualista, officially known as Sociedad Mutualista Mexicana de Jornaleros, celebrated its 95th anniversary. Founded in 1924 by Mexican-American laborers and farmers, it has served as a mutual aid society for Waco's Hispanic community for nearly a century. The organization provides scholarships, funeral receptions, and hosts cultural events at its hall on South 15th Street. Despite challenges like urban renewal and changing demographics, the Mutualista continues its tradition of community service, including toy drives and educational support. With 36 current members, it remains one of the few surviving mutualistas in Texas, adapting to modern times while preserving its core mission of helping others.
Hoover, C. (2019, July 13). Mutualista society marks 95 years helping community. Waco Tribune-Herald, 1A.
The U.S. Department of Education awarded McLennan Community College (MCC) a $3 million Title V grant over five years to support Hispanic and first-generation students. The project aims to increase retention and graduation rates for first-year Hispanic students by enhancing academic support, financial aid guidance, and advisement services. Key strategies include strengthening relationships between students and staff, adding language support in developmental courses, and creating more opportunities for Hispanic students to connect with peers. The grant has expanded existing programs for first-generation and low-income students, addressing known issues that often lead to dropouts. With 33% of MCC's student population identifying as Hispanic, this initiative aligns with the college's ongoing efforts to improve outcomes for underrepresented students.
Hoover, C. (2020, September 12). MCC wins federal grant to help Hispanic students. Waco Tribune-Herald.
In October 2022, Jaime and Michael Lerma were honored as two members of the inaugural class of 20 of the Texas Boxing Hall of Fame, alongside George Foreman, Jack Johnson, and Ann Wolfe. Jaime Lerma now runs Waco Boxing Club, where he and Michael learned to box. Will he one day see his students in the Hall of Fame? “It would be great to have some of the guys I’m training one day be in the Texas Boxing Hall of Fame themselves, Jaime said.“But as long as I can keep them off the streets and doing something positive with their lives, I don't care what they do. If they make it in the Hall of Fame or even if they box anymore, if they're living their lives good, then that's great. I'm happy for that."
Cherry, B. (2022, October 6). 'Hall' of an honor - Waco's Lerma brothers enjoying 'Hall' of a special honor. Waco Tribune-Herald, 1C.
On Friday, September 15, 2023, the South Waco Library unveiled a permanent display featuring 15 notable Hispanic Wacoans, bilingual biography cards, and a rotating digital display. The installation was sponsored by the Waco Hispanic Museum. Notable figures include Antonio P. Castillo, Sr., Joe Rodriguez, Lawrence Soler, Joe Carbajal, and Peter Arvizu, Sr.
Rajkumar, J. (2023, September 15). South Waco Library adds new addition for National Hispanic Heritage Month. KWTX. https://www.kwtx.com/2023/09/15/south-waco-library-adds-new-addition-national-hispanic-heritage-month/
The area that was formerly home of Baylor’s Floyd Casey Stadium will be developed into housing and a park, dubbed the Floyd Casey Development. The development company, Turner Brothers, held a public forum for community members in 2023, during which it was announced that streets in this area will be named after notable Waco Hispanic figures. Citizens had the opportunity to provide recommendations.
Quintanilla, I. (2024, July 29). Old Floyd Casey Stadium site to be redeveloped into multi-million dollar mixed-use, residential neighborhood. KWTX. https://www.kwtx.com/2024/07/29/tonight-10-look-transformation-old-floyd-casey-stadium-site-into-multi-million-dollar-development/
